Starting six-month-old infants on solid food in the amounts recommended by standard feeding guides may lead to overfeeding, according to a study by scientists at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
Solid food feeding guides are produced by infant formula makers, large children’s hospitals and other infant health experts. They are meant to guide mothers and other caregivers in starting infants on solid food after initial exclusive milk and/or formula feeding. The new study, published July 25 in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, found evidence that recommendations in four feeding guides, if followed from age 6 to 12 months, would likely result in overfed, overweight infants.
“It is very important that children aren’t overfed during infancy because we know that can lead to weight gain and related health problems later in life, yet the model used in our study showed that following current established guidelines could often lead to overfeeding of the infant,” says study first author Marie Ferguson, MSPH, a research associate in the Department of International Health at the Bloomberg School.
The study was based on a model involving computer-simulated infants that were fed certain diets, and their resulting growth was recorded. The study also measured the computer-simulated infants’ metabolic rates and activity levels, and documented body size and other attributes that were sampled from normal ranges and tracked day by day from age 6 months to 12 months. The simulation also modeled the fact that mothers normally adjust feeding amounts in response to infant weight gain or weight loss.
Testing the impacts of these feeding guides with real infants in a clinical trial would be a complex undertaking, the authors note, and would involve ethical issues given the risk of over- or under-feeding infants participating in such a trial.
The Virtual Infant computer-simulation model used for the study was developed by a team led by study senior author Bruce Y. Lee, MD, MBA, an associate professor in the Bloomberg School’s Department of International Health and executive director of the Global Obesity Prevention Center. “It is important to pay closer attention to what infants are getting fed and how parents are being advised. Overfeeding an infant can make it much tougher for him or her to maintain a healthy weight in the future.”
The researchers first validated their model by feeding their virtual infants according to a standard reference guide on infant energy requirements. They found that the resulting growth of the virtual infants was essentially in line with growth curves published by the World Health Organization and other authorities.
The team then simulated feeding of their virtual infants from age 6 to 12 months according to guides published by the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Enfamil and Similac. For every one of these guides, the researchers ran four simulations. Each modeled 1,000 infants, assumed standard breastmilk intake and assumed solid food intake according to the guide, but included a different rule about caregiver adjustments to solid food portions.
Ferguson and her colleagues found, in their initial analysis, that following each of the four guides for just a few months would drive the average body mass index (BMI) for the virtual infants into the “overweight” category—above the 85th percentile for BMIs. This finding applied even for the scenario in which solid food portions were kept to the lowest 25 percent (quartile) of the guide’s recommended range.
The solid food feeding guide that seemed to produce the healthiest results was the Similac guide. In the most favorable scenario, with feeding portions kept to the lowest quartile, following the Similac guidelines did not move infants into the overweight category until age 10 months for girls and 11 months for boys.
Even when the team ran further simulations assuming that breastmilk portions were halved, all guides except Similac led to overweight BMIs between 9 and 11 months.
The results, Ferguson says, suggest that although current standard solid food guidelines may have been based on the best available evidence, that evidence may not have been good enough.
“Our study shows what could happen when parents follow standard feeding guidelines and suggests that these guidelines may need to be revisited and revised,” Ferguson says. “Feeding guidelines may also need to be adjusted and personalized to better match an individual infant’s body type and metabolism.”
She and her colleagues also expect to expand their computer-simulation approach to investigate other questions in infant-diet research.
“The Impact of Following Solid Food Feeding Guides on BMI Among Infants: A Simulation Study” was written by Marie Ferguson, Kelly O'Shea, Lawrence Hammer, Daniel Hertenstein, Nathaniel Schwartz, Lucas Winch, Sheryl Siegmund, and Bruce Y. Lee.
Support for the project was provided by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01HD086861, 5R01HD086013-02, U54HD070725) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS023317).
Media contacts for the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: Barbara Benhamat 410-614-6029 orbbenham1@jhu.eduandRobin Scullin at 410-955-7619orrsculli1@jhu.edu.
